Ratification in context of Companies Act, 2013

The expression "ratification" was precisely defined by the English Court in one old case, Hartman v. Hornsby as under "Ratification" is the approval by act, word, or conduct, of that which was attempted (of accomplishment), but which was improperly or without proper authority performed in the first instance."

source https://www.caclubindia.com/articles/ratification-in-context-of-companies-act-2013-47517.asp